About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could
be avoided if women had used family planning methods to Pvent high risk ____1____
Pgnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____
University.
The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal
Deaths could be Pvented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____
within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____
families to moderate size.
This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal
deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____
the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control
respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____
risk categories.
The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____
maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____
Pgnancy; Pgnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____
mother is 35 years old; Pgnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____
two years apart.
1 将had used 改为 used。
因为此句是虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反，故条件从句中应使用一般过去时。例如：
Many would be wise if they did not think themselves wise. 许多人原本会成为聪明人－如果他们不自以为聪明的话。
2 将publishing改为published
report和publish时逻辑动宾关系，故应使用publish的过去分词短语来修饰report。例如：
Any discovery that we may make, however small, will remain acquired knowledge. 任何可能的发现，不管多么微不足道，都将成为知识宝库中的一部分。
3 将theirs改为their
4 将among改为between
在两次怀孕期间留出足够的间隔时间，故用between。
5 将过去分词excluded改为介词excluding。
excluding意为“不包括…”
6 将respectably改为respectively
respectively 意为 “分别地 ”，符合句子的意思。而respectably意为 “可敬的，值得尊敬地 ”。
7将evidences改为evidence。
evidence是不可数名词。
8将ill改为illness。
9将year改为years。
10将lesser改为less
“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that exPss an essential
attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the
family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____
has great importance for many people.
This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,
dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers
of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____
for one’s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____
portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,
even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____
support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____
of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the
United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____
is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.
When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____
they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____
a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in
the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____
a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____
way of life.
1 将no改为 not
2 将place改为land
place是可数名词，作“地方”讲，而land意为“土地，田地”是不可数名词。例如：
Solitude is a good place to visit but a poor place to stay.
当你偶尔光顾时，独处是一个美妙的境地，但是如果久留，它却是一个糟糕的地方。
There is a vacant piece of land near the house; we can build there.
3 将started改为start
start应使用不定式，以和前面的find，build一致。
4 将working改为work。
work应该用第三人称复数，和live一致。另外，family在这里作“家人”讲，是复数。
5 将anyone改为everyone
这里是要用everyone指每个人，而不是要用anyone泛指。
6 将but删除
7将before改为after
根据上下文判断，这里要表达的是二战之后。
8 将But改为 And
根据语意，这里要表达的是递进关系，而不是转折关系。例如：
When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And that’s my religion.
当我行善事，我感到坦然；当我行恶时，我感到内疚。这就是我的人生之道。
9 将it改为they
10 在house the中间加入介词as
regard…as 作“把……当作……”讲。
We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____
that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including
college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____
with comparable education in Western Europe.
There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers?how to build
them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____
them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____
computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5_____
The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____
creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____
technology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____
new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of
knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are
really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a
faculty for the others. _____9_____
Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,
it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____
new technology, which can be enormous.
1.在which前加in，或将which改为where
在这里which引导限制性从句，修饰先行词the society。in which 在从句中作状语，当然也可以用关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语，例如：
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
2.将as 改为than
3.将So改为But或者However或者Nevertheless。
因为这里上下文是转折关系。
4.将about去掉
因为explain是及物动词。
5.将you改为they
6.将like改为as
因为such as 是固定搭配。
7.将takes改为gives
give rise to表示“引起，导致”之意。
8.将differ改为 distinguish
牵着表示“有区别”。后者表示“区分，找出……的差别。
9.将others改为other
这样the other就和上文的one构成固定搭配，表示在两个中“一个……；另外一个……”
10.将harmful改为harmless，只有这样才可以表达上下文的对比关系。
What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,
as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__
are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__
a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__
escape?not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__
exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only
space?or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases
to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.
The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”?
a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___
its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may
be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__
size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__
gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__
And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__
supernova 名词，[天]超新星
1. 将as 改为since或者because。在表示原因的连接词中，只有as引导的原因状语从句不能位于主句之后，只能位于句首。
2 .将adequate 改为inadequate，或者在are后加not。从逻辑上分析，因为我们拥有的科学术语“不充足”，所以才无法回答这个问题，所以用否定形式。
3. 在which 前加into。这是一个定语从句，意思是“黑洞是太空中物质可以掉进去的地方”，所以定语从句应该为“into which matter has fallen”。
4. 将but 改为 so。 上文已提到“连光都无法从黑洞中逃出”，所以我们根本无法看到黑洞。这里应该是因果关系，而不是转折关系。
5 .将thus改为so。这句话的意思是“那只是空间?或者我们认为它只是空间”。so做 think 的宾语，thus 只能做连词，不能做宾语。
6. 将which 改为whose。这个定语从句的意思是“它是一颗星，其密度非常大，由于自身的引力，它在不断地收缩”。matter 属于star，所以关系代词应该用whose。
7 .去掉in。result为不及物动词，意为“形成了”，而“result in sth。”意为“导致某结果”。
8. 将masses 改为mass。mass 可指“大量的物质”，而“the masses”特指“劳动群众”，用在此处不妥。
9 .将ideas 改为idea。“idea”在表达“印象”时，为不可数名词，不可以用复数。
10. 将no改为any。分析便知，任何在黑洞附近的东西都会被吸进去。
改错题出现的错误经常包括：语法；词汇；语篇
1. 语法包括英语的时态，语态，倒装句，虚拟语气，主，谓，宾在数，格，人称上的一致。
2 .词汇方面，短文改错在用词上的错误主要集中在以下几个方面：
名次单复数，可数名词和不可数名词的差异，形容词与副词，连词与介词的误用，同义词的混淆等。
3. 语篇的改错旨在测试做题者在具体语境上下文中使用语法和词汇的能力。从逻辑的意义上看，句与句之间的关系可以分为顺序，并列，时间，空间，层递，对比，转折，解释，因果，过渡，推论等。最好的做法是先通读全文，结合上下文的逻辑关系回答问题。
The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__
have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the
largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__
monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one
occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__
found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from
one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.
Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__
“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England
was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged
to the Crown.
Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__
wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and
exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__
Even though some species are protected by the regulations of
the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale
hunting is regulated, but the earth’s stock of whales is still being __7__
depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__
there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will
be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__
awe-inspiring creature that always fed man’s imagination and __10__
made the world a more exciting place
1. 将which改为that。先行词由最高修饰时定语从句的关系代词只能用that。
2. 在thought 后面加of，或者将thought 改为regarded。“think of A as B”，指“把A看作B”，为固定搭配。
3. 去掉he。这句话的主语是“to hunt a whale”，“to hunt a whale was high adventure”。中间的“when…”只是插入的状语从句。
4. 在referred后加to。“refer to A as B”只“把A称作B”，这句话的意思是“古人把鲸称作大鱼”。
5. 在felt 后加for。这句话实际的结构是“feel a sense of wonder for whales”指“对鲸怀有惊奇的感觉”，for引出对象。
6. 在exploit后加them。capture，slaughter，exploit都是及物动词，后面必须加宾语。
7. 去掉but。前面已有“even though”，后面就不应该再用but。
8 .将since改为from。“100 years from now”指“从现在起100年后”since 只能用于完成时。
9. 在blame前加to。“be to blame for sth ”指“对某事应负责任”，为固定搭配。
10. 在always前加has。这个定语从句强调对现在的影响，很明显应该用完成时，不能用过去式。
We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any
moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__
languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend
on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__
more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__
is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__
animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__
and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__
understand Pcisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__
language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when
language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language
is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__
Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__
of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the
necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people
have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than
some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__
takes language as its object of investigation.
1. with 改为 without。”hardy any moment passes without someone…” , 两个否定: without 和hardly，意思是“每一时刻有人……”。
2. fast 前面加the因为fast and successful use 这个词组后边有一个前置词短语 of language 修饰use，所以被修饰的词前面加定冠词。
3. than on ourselves 改为than things on ourselves。在这里比较的是两件事：things around us and things on ourselves(我们周围的事物和我们自身的东西)。第二个things不能省略，否则引起误解。
4. differs 改为distinguishes。语言区分人与动物，differ是不及物动词，后面不能带宾语，只能用介词，如：Man differs from animals in that man possesses language。
5. inquire改为acquire“习得语言”应该是acquire language，名词短语是language acquisition。 Inquire 是“询问”的意思。
6. we前面加上 do 副词nor放在句首表示强调，应用倒装句，一般现在时强调句是在主语前面加助动词 do。
7. combination改为relationships.语言和思维的关系，不是结合；语言和思维的关系是当代语言学研究的重要领域。
8. like 改为as。根据上下文，要表达的意思是“作为语言的使用者”，不是“像语言的使用者”。
9. a 去掉 这里是否定的意思：“我们没有多少人……”而不是“我们一些人.….”。
10. assured 改为 assumed. 这句的后半部分意思是“研究语言的必要性比我们想象的要大得多”。Assure译为“确保”；assume译为“假设”或者“想象”的意思。
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as
ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__
appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and
make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__
short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.
The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__
There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that
they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__
by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__
have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__
style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,
a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__
on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__
decrees of the designers are unPdictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__
waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__
1. strucked改为struck或者stricken
过去分词形式有误。strike的过去式是struck，过去分词为struck或者stricken。
2. date改为dated或者outdated
3. on other hand 改为 on the other hand
4. entire改为entirely
副词修饰形容词different，并与different一起修饰age。
5. minority改为majority
从上下文以及常识判断，多半男性成功地抵制了改变他们服装款式的企图，即多年来，男性大服装款式跟女性服饰相比没有多大的变化。
6. it改为them
them指代the great majority of men。
7. fewer改为few
此处没有比较的意味。
8.去掉on
lay down为习语，表示“规定(规则，原则，法规等)”。
9. sometime改为 sometimes。
10. height改为high
形容词作be 的表语。
Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more
eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage
for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1__
after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” __2__
These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large
families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3__
reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early
1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their __4__
Europe counterparts. __5__
Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed __6__
families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the porce rate after a __7__
postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8__
couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9__
maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest porce rate in the world,
the temporary decline in porce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10__
Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not
abandoned.
1. 将height改为high/peak。
整句话的大意为他们把男女的婚龄降了下来，使出生率达到了20世纪的高峰。
high可以用作名词，意为“高峰”，“高水准”，“最高纪录”。
height可以作“极点，顶点”解释。例如：The height of cleverness is to conceal one’s cleverness。
2. 将第二个不定冠词a 去掉。
steady decline 意为持续的下降，前面不用加冠词。又如：years of hard work。根据语感可以判断出来。
3. 在went后加on，或将went改为lasted。
此处是“持续”的意思，所以可以用went on 或者last来表达。
4. 将high改为higher。
此处意为美国人结婚率比以前提高了，有与战前相比的意思，因此应用比较级。
5. 将Europe改为European。
6. 删掉more。此处的大意为战后离婚率也下降了，这个现象不大有人注意，但同样也很重要。另外，more与equally相矛盾。
7. 将nevertheless改为also或者删掉nevertheless。
此处上下文之间不是转折关系，而是递进关系。
8. 将that 改为those。
此处的代词应指marriages这个复数名词，因此应用those。此处考察代词与先行词一致的问题。
9. 将Since改为Although/Though/While。此处是转折关系，不是因果关系。
10. 将in改为to。短语to the extent是固定搭配。
When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start
meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a
lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__
way they occupied the space around them?for example, when such a person
walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__
bump into other people.
However, a second person thought that this was more a question of
civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__
it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__
to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__
hasn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__
known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__
Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to
him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__
it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__
said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__
And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.
1.将on改为by。
“by the way”作“根据……方式”讲。
2. 将unaware改为aware
根据下文中的“Such a person never bump into other people”判断，这种人不会“目中无人”。
3. 将as改为than
“more + adj/of + n + than”是固定搭配。
4. 将it改为which
which在此引导一个非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语，需要注意的是，在从句中he said是插入语。
5. 将at改为in
名词the country前要用介词in。
6. 将hasn’t改为hadn’t
根据上下文我们可以看出这里需要使用过去完成时。
7. 将American改为Arab。根据上文，我们可以看出，这里讲述的是赴“阿拉伯”传统宴会的“美国人”的故事，而不是赴“美国”传统宴会的“美国人”的故事。
8. 将as 改为like
介词as意思为“作为”，like意思为“像”。
9. 将falls改为fell
这里要使用一般过去时。
10. 将第一个of删掉。
say作为及物动词，后面可直接跟名词作宾语。
A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing
new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their
original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__
going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__
prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the
edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__
seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__
the scale. Deions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of
Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__
dissimilar to deions of Mexico City today?the poor can still be numbered __6__
in millions.
The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__
two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__
from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__
country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__
-ing out again to the suburbs.
1. 在new one前加a
这里one指代上下文中的可数名词purpose，因此该词前要有限定词。
2. 将filling改为filled
在这里，非谓语动词fill与句子的who（poor immigrants）之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此要使用过去分词来表示被动意义。
3. 去掉though
4. 将this改为what
根据句子结构，我们可以看出这里需要一个关系代词，它既能引导主语从句，同时也可以在从句中作主语，这个关系代词就是what。如：
What I like in a good author is not what he says，but what he whispers。
5. 将was改为were
that引导定语从句，其先行词是deions…and the enormous contrasts,因此谓语动词be要用复数。
6. 将dissimilar 改为 similar
这里要表示的是“共同，相似”之处。
7.将lies 改为lie
behind it lie two myths 是个倒装句，主语为two myths，可见谓语动词要使用复数。
8. 将that改为which
这里是一个非限制性定语从句，因此不可用that，而要用which。
9. 将it改为them
复数名词immigrants的代词，所以要用复数形式。
10. 将late改为later
